在2015年9月開學(xué)期間奧巴馬的一篇演講在中國的微信朋友圈中瘋傳，這篇演講很值得同學(xué)們反復(fù)觀看和學(xué)習(xí)。下面美嘉留學(xué)導(dǎo)師重點(diǎn)從托福和SAT寫作角度分析奧巴馬這篇演講稿，幫助同學(xué)們?nèi)〉猛懈：蚐AT寫作的高分，甚至滿分。

奧巴馬的這篇演講稿大量運(yùn)用并列排比結(jié)構(gòu)，并列排比結(jié)構(gòu)可以是詞匯的并列、短語的并列、從句的并列、也可以是主句的并列、例子的并列。通過并列排比結(jié)構(gòu)的運(yùn)用可以拓展主體段例證的細(xì)節(jié)，充實(shí)主體段內(nèi)容的豐富性，并且增強(qiáng)整個(gè)托福SAT論說性議論文的說服力。

一、詞匯的并列排比

詞匯的并列主要是實(shí)詞(名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞)的并列，詞匯的并列運(yùn)用可以滲透在主體段的說理和解釋的過程中，作為舉例和拓展細(xì)節(jié)的重要手法，也能夠讓語言顯得更加豐富多樣。

“And no matter what you want to do with your life, I guarantee that you'll need an education to do it. You want to be a doctor, or a teacher, or a police officer? You want to be a nurse or an architect, a lawyer or a member of our military? You're going to need a good education for every single one of those careers. You cannot drop out of school and just drop into a good job. You've got to train for it and work for it and learn for it.”

在這段內(nèi)容中，奧巴馬通過并列一些名詞：doctor, teacher, police officer, nurse, architect, lawyer等，以及通過動詞的并列排比：train, work, learn，來拓展細(xì)節(jié)，舉例論證強(qiáng)調(diào)了觀點(diǎn)：不管將來做什么，都應(yīng)該接受基本的教育才能夠勝任。

二、短語的并列排比

短語的并列可以是：形容詞短語、介詞短語、不定式短語、現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語等。在托福SAT寫作的主體段論證過程中，可以通過一些短語的并列排比來拓展細(xì)節(jié)。

“That's why today I'm calling on each of you to set your own goals for your education -- and do everything you can to meet them. Your goal can be something as simple as doing all your homework, paying attention in class, or spending some time each day reading a book.”

在這段話中，奧巴馬通過動名詞短語的并列：doing all your homework, paying attention in class, or spending some time each day reading a book，來指出學(xué)生可能的“目標(biāo)”類型進(jìn)行了舉例拓展。

三、從句的并列排比

從句的并列排比可以是主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句的并列排比；可以是定語從句的并列排比，也可以是各種狀語從句的并列排比。

“But at the end of the day, we can have the most dedicated teachers, the most supportive parents, the best schools in the world -- and none of it will make a difference, none of it will matter unless all of you fulfill your responsibilities, unless you show up to those schools, unless you pay attention to those teachers, unless you listen to your parents and grandparents and other adults and put in the hard work it takes to succeed. That's what I want to focus on today: the responsibility each of you has for your education.”

在這段話中，奧巴馬通過4個(gè)unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句的連環(huán)并列排比突出強(qiáng)調(diào)了自己的演講主題“學(xué)生自己要承擔(dān)自己教育的責(zé)任”，否則即使有負(fù)責(zé)的老師，即使有支持的家長，即使有好的學(xué)校，一切都是白搭。這樣的并列的氣勢使得論證的氣勢大大加強(qiáng)。

四、整個(gè)主句的并列排比

整個(gè)主句的并列排比結(jié)構(gòu)用在托?；蛘逽AT的寫作主體段中，可以對一些宏觀性的題目：比如涉及政府、社會、時(shí)代、、科技、環(huán)境、城市等，進(jìn)行舉例，顯得角度多樣，內(nèi)容充實(shí)。

例1：“Now, I've given a lot of speeches about education. And I've talked about responsibility a lot. I've talked about teachers' responsibility for inspiring students and pushing you to learn. I've talked about your parents' responsibility for making sure you stay on track, and you get your homework done, and don't spend every waking hour in front of the TV or with the Xbox. I've talked a lot about your government's responsibility for setting high standards, and supporting teachers and principals, and turning around schools that aren't working, where students aren't getting the opportunities that they deserve.”

在這段話中，奧巴馬用了4個(gè)I’ve開頭的完成時(shí)態(tài)句子并列排比來分別說明自己已經(jīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)過了“老師”在教育中的責(zé)任，強(qiáng)調(diào)過了“父母”在教育中的責(zé)任，也強(qiáng)調(diào)過了“政府”在教育中的責(zé)任。但是，今天重點(diǎn)要強(qiáng)調(diào)“學(xué)生自己”在教育中的責(zé)任。

例2：“Maybe you'll decide to get involved in an extracurricular activity, or volunteer in your community. Maybe you'll decide to stand up for kids who are being teased or bullied because of who they are or how they look, because you believe, like I do, that all young people deserve a safe environment to study and learn. Maybe you'll decide to take better care of yourself so you can be more ready to learn.”

在本段中，奧巴馬通過3個(gè)Maybe you’ll decide to的并列結(jié)構(gòu)來拓展細(xì)節(jié)，說明學(xué)生可以回嘗試做出很多方面的積極改變。

例3：“The truth is, being successful is hard. You won't love every subject that you study. You won't click with every teacher that you have. Not every homework assignment will seem completely relevant to your life right at this minute. And you won't necessarily succeed at everything the first time you try.”

在這段話中，奧巴馬通過4個(gè)并列的句子(其中3個(gè)以You won’t開頭的句子)，來針對首句“The truth is, being successful is hard.”這句抽象的觀點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行具體的闡述和說明：說明成功不是一帆風(fēng)順的，學(xué)生可能會遇到一系列的不順利的事情。同學(xué)們要注意學(xué)習(xí)這樣的手法，讓自己在托福和SAT寫作中的任何一個(gè)抽象的觀點(diǎn)都要有例子和細(xì)節(jié)的證據(jù)支撐和拓展。

例4：“So today, I want to ask all of you, what's your contribution going to be? What problems are you going to solve? What discoveries will you make? What will a President who comes here in 20 or 50 or 100 years say about what all of you did for this country?”

在這段話中，奧巴馬通過四個(gè)what開頭的問句來連環(huán)排比提問，引發(fā)了學(xué)生對于自己未來夢想的思考。這樣的排比+問句的手法很有氣勢!

例5：“So I expect all of you to get serious this year. I expect you to put your best effort into everything you do. I expect great things from each of you. So don't let us down. Don't let your family down or your country down. Most of all, don't let yourself down. Make us all proud.”

在演講的后，奧巴馬通過三個(gè)連環(huán)的I expect排比句型，以及三個(gè)Don’t let...down的排比結(jié)構(gòu)層層遞進(jìn)來號召同學(xué)們行動起來，不要讓自己、家人和失望!將演講提升到了高潮!同學(xué)們也可以像這樣在托福后者SAT寫作的全文后結(jié)尾部分提出一定的引申和建議。

五、例子的并列排比

將例子的并列排比運(yùn)用在一個(gè)托福或者SAT的主體段內(nèi)，能夠極大地充實(shí)主體段內(nèi)容，增強(qiáng)例證的豐富性和例證的廣泛性，避免以偏概全和空洞論證。同學(xué)們可以學(xué)習(xí)下面這段例子并列排比手法的運(yùn)用來增強(qiáng)自己托?；蛘逽AT寫作主體段例證充分度和細(xì)節(jié)完善度。

“Where you are right now doesn't have to determine where you'll end up. No one's written your destiny for you, because here in America, you write your own destiny. You make your own future. That's what young people like you are doing every day, all across America.

Young people like Jazmin Perez, from Roma, Texas. Jazmin didn't speak English when she first started school. Neither of her parents had gone to college. But she worked hard, earned good grades, and got a scholarship to Brown University -- is now in graduate school, studying public health, on her way to becoming Dr. Jazmin Perez.

I'm thinking about Andoni Schultz, from Los Altos, California, who's fought brain cancer since he was three. He's had to endure all sorts of treatments and surgeries, one of which affected his memory, so it took him m